PG04 Concept and Prototype Research Proposal

Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja

MA Broadcast Futures

Ravensboune

Project Leaders:

Reg Sanders

Course Tutor Broadcast Futures Post graduate Studies

Britta Pollmuller

Senior Lecturer Interactive Digital Media, Deputy Course Director Postgraduate Studies

Jeremy Gardner

Course Director Postgraduate Studies

PG04 Module:

 Concept and Prototype + Research Proposal: deadline end of June 2013

Research Proposal (2494 Words) excluding bibliography, pictures & references

Concept and Prototype leading to Major Project

Student Number: 95829712

Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja

MA Broadcast Futures

Ravensboune

Project Leaders:

Reg Sanders

Course Tutor Broadcast Futures Post graduate Studies

Britta Pollmuller

Senior Lecturer Interactive Digital Media, Deputy Course Director Postgraduate Studies

Jeremy Gardner

Course Director Postgraduate Studies

PG04 Module:

 Concept and Prototype + Research Proposal: deadline end of June 2013

Research Proposal (2496 Words) excluding bibliography, pictures & references

Concept and Prototype leading to Major Project

Student Number: 95829712

Title

The author is seeking to enhance knowledge and understanding in relation to the research question to be addressed. Which is “How can elements of ‘Modern African Art’ be used to impact contemporary broadcasting?

Abstract

Contemporary Africa Art is described in (Wikki, 2013) as follows ‘Africa is home to a thriving contemporary art fine art culture. This has been sadly understudied until recently, due to scholars’ and art collectors’ emphasis on traditional art. Notable modern artists include El Anatsui, Marlene Dumas, William Kentridge, Karel, Kendell Geers, Yinka Shonibare, Zerihun Yetmgeta, Odhiambo Siangla, Olu Oguibe, Lubaina Himid, and Bili Bidjocka, Henry Tayali. Art Bienniales are held in Dakar, Senegal, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Many contemporary African artists are represented in museum collections, and their art may sell for high prices at art auctions.

Despite this, many contemporary African artists tend to have difficult times finding a market for their work. Many contemporary African arts borrow heavily from traditional predecessors. Ironically, this emphasis on abstraction is seen by Westerners as an imitation of European and American cubist and totemic artists, such as Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani and Henri Matisse, who, in the early twentieth century, were heavily influenced by traditional African art. (Wikki, 2013) Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art (Accessed: 29^th May 2013).

Subject Area, Aims and Objectives

The concept and theories of ‘Modern African Art’ is introduced by the author who says ‘Think of it as an “African Renaissance” the Art form that stems from way back throughout the ages from the cradle of mankind in Africa consisting of key aspects and elements such as 1.Colour, 2.Form, 3.Rhythm, 4.Mood and 5.Sound which can be applied to impact contemporary media, production and broadcasting. To achieve empathy conditioning, by skilfully using those elements as new techniques derived from traditional and contemporary African Art, Music and Culture.

Historical Context Who is saying what about Modern African Art?

The Significance of E.S. Tingatinga and how his Modern African Art impacted Western contemporary broadcast media and production. The ThorupART organisation is talks about Modern African Artist called Tingatinga as referred to in the article Tingatinga from Craft to Art (ThorupART, 2013). They say that ‘In the late 1960s an impoverished Tanzanian man realised that tourists and local ex-pats liked buying souvenirs from their trip to bring back home, and so he started producing paintings of animals to sell. His name was Edward Saidi Tingatinga, and at the time he did not know that this would be the beginnings of a unique African paining style, which has come to bear his name, and which continues to this day.’

Contemporary Context

‘The exhibition in Portalen showcases the cheeky, humorous and colourful contemporary Tingatinga paintings that move between colorful kitsch and captivating art. E. S. Tingatinga painted simple designs of African animals, birds on the savannah or situations from village life. Pragmatically, he used the materials at hand; enamel paint on hard board – creating his own distinctive expression of naive, colourful designs with glossy surface.’ ThorupART (2013). Tingatinga from Craft to Art. Available at: http://www.tingatingastudio.com/menu_events.html. (Accessed 15^th May 2013). Figure 1. Tingatinga, E. (2010) African Animation [0nline]. Available at: http://paulacallus.blogspot.co.uk/2010/03/tinga-tinga-gets-bad-press.html (Accessed: 10th May 2013).

Theoretical Context

The theories, concepts and ideas of E.S. Tingatinga have been characterised in the box office smash hit animation movie ‘The Lion King’ which demonstrates “How elements of ‘Modern African Art’ can be used to impact contemporary broadcasting?

In Tingtinga’s case it was the naïve element of his animal paintings, the colours in his work that were able to be applied by the film studio to impact both Lion king and Madagascar.

Figure 1. Walt Disney (2012). Presents The Lion King Poster jpeg. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lion_King_poster.jpg (Accessed: 16^th May 2013).

There is a similarity between the laughing Hyenas depicted in animation movie ‘The Lion King’ and those in Tingatinga naïve animal paintings.

Figure 2. Tingatinga (2013) From Craft to Art. Available at: http://www.tingatingastudio.com/menu_events.html(Accessed: May 15th 2013).

The hit animation movie ‘Madagascar’ also applies Tingatinga’s unique naïve style to its broadcast animation production. Figure 3. below is DreamWorks Animation (2013) Madagascar (Animation Movie) Cover. Available at: 

http://entertainmentbench.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/madagascar animation-movie.html (Accessed: 16^th May 2013).

‘Madagascar’ resonates with the work of Tingatinga read article (livinganimationland.blogspot.co.uk, 2012) where they confirm the African influences such as colour and visual style as follows. ‘Everything else looks fantastic! The jungles of Madagascar are lush, colorful, and beautiful, making a wonderful world to watch our characters interact in. One of the things I love about this movie is that it has such a bold visual style that fits the film perfectly. It’s not your typical photo-realistic animated film; it has its own unique and quirky style which works on a number of levels. The visual style is heavily influenced by African art; it’s very angular and is impressionistic. It doesn’t worry about being 100 percent accurate or detailed, yet you can still tell what things are. The spirals on Gloria’s elbow in the picture above are a great example of this sort of African impressionism. That’s kind of how everything else in the movie is so it makes for an amazing art style.

Methodology

The research methods used for discovering new insights, concepts and ideas are by testing relevant theories and concepts through prototyping and experimenting on African paintings, models, digital photography, investigating science and nature, academic journals, reading widely, visiting museums and by using video as a tool for learning. The results can then be applied as new techniques to create ‘fresh new broadcast media content’ using the discoveries of the five elements investigated together with the authors own concept and theory of ‘Modern African Art’ to create the ‘Broadcast futures Major project.’ The prototypes produced shall consist of photographic experiments to ivoke empathy from the viewer of the major project.

The Major project will be performed by ‘Alabo Mac as the Painter’ to a song 3mins 20 sec long called ‘The Painting’. It will depict mental health in an Artist to highlight the plight of suffers of the disorder in an empathetic way by using elements of ‘Modern African art’ to impact the Contemporary broadcast media production.

Ethical Dimensions of the Research

Who is saying something about Empathy in Contemporary Broadcast? Alex Gabbay is saying something important about Empathy in Contemporary Broadcast. ‘Man’s capacity for kindness and compassion is overshadowed only by his ability to be as cruel and destructive. Can empathy resolve issues of aggression and subjugation, where wars, politics and economic sanctions have failed? Love Hate and Everything in Between looks into the world of neuroscience, psychology, education and technology to explore the extraordinary relevance of empathy in today’s increasingly interconnected world.’ In his film ‘Love Hate & Everything In Between.’ (Monkey & Me Films Presents A Film By Alex Gabbay 2013) Available at: http://www.empathyfilm.com/ (Accessed: 10th May 2013). Alex Gabbay’s explains why empathy is so important to today’s society and contemporary broadcasting.

Why Empathy?

The author will use his major project to contribute significantly to the ‘plight of sufferers of mental health disorders using empathy as a conditioning of subconscious understanding, because he agrees with what Alex Gabbay is saying about empathy being essential to demonstrate our capacity for kindness in Contemporary Broadcasting. The 5 elements of African Art discovered will be applied to impact the production by stimulating our capacity for kindness in an empathetic way.

Figure 4. (2013) Empathy [Print on Cotton], Artist: Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja, copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation, London.

5 Elements of Modern African Art being considered

1. Colour Figure 5. (2013) Queen Mama [Oil on Canvas], Artist: Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja, copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation, London.

Figure 6. (2013) Subtractive Primary Colours. [Digital] Colour Therapy Healing Available at: http://www.colourtherapyhealing.com/colour/subtractive_primary_colours.php

The picture below is by the late South African Wood Carver from Kwa-Zulu Natal.

Figure 7. Isaac Sithole (2012). Issac Sithole Tribute Exhibition. [paint on wood]. Available at: http://news.artsmart.co.za/2012/02/isaac-sithole-tribute-exhibition.html (Accessed 12th May 2013).

Issac Sithole masterly demonstrates his use of colour in African Art. The colours he chooses are vibrant and bold they can be applied by the author to impact the contemporary major project by giving it African colours in the following combinations blue, red, red and blue, black and blue, orange and black, red and black but toned down to create a darker and colder look to suit the contemporary style of music which it is being applied to, which is a rap song. In order to achieve this when shooting the project, the author will be using coloured gels, coloured lenses, lighting, green or blue screen as a backdrop for special effects at post production stage. In this artwork notice how Sithole has applied the primary colours red, blue and yellow and secondary colours orange, green and purple, with black and white used as main colours for balance, to allow all the saturated bright colours to shine through!

2. Form

Figure 8 . (2013) Pyramids of Giza – Oil on mdf, Artist: Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja, copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation

Traditional African Art as described in (Wiki, 2013) ‘Traditional art describes the most popular and studied forms of African art which are typically found in museum collections. Wooden masks, which might either be human or animal or of mythical creatures, are one of the most commonly found forms of art in western Africa. In their original contexts, ceremonial masks are used for celebrations, initiations, crop harvesting, and war preparation. The masks are worn by a chosen or initiated dancer. During the mask ceremony the dancer goes into deep trance, and during this state of mind he “communicates” with his ancestors.’ Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art (Accessed: 20^th May 2013).

Figure  9. Harlemworldmag.com (2013). Memorial Tribute: Chinua Achebe’s Echo (video). Available at: http://harlemworldmag.com/2013/03/31/memorial-tribute-chinua-achebes-harlem-echos-video/ and http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ON7-G0XqJrc#at=31 (Accessed: 15^th May 2013) Form in the major project will be conveyed in the lyrical content performed by the actor. To understand form it is important to seek knowledge of it from a great African story teller Dr. Chinue Achebe. The Form and content of African stories used in story telling by the famous writer and broadcaster late Dr. Chinue Achebe. In the (Paris Review, 2013). Achebe says ‘I loved stories, stories told in our home, first by my mother, then by my elder sister—such as the story of the tortoise—whatever scraps of stories I could gather from conversations, just from hanging around, sitting around when my father had visitors. ‘I encountered stories of other people and other lands.

In one of my essays, I remember the kind of things that fascinated me. Weird things, even, about a wizard who lived in Africa and went to China to find a lamp . . . Fascinating to me because they were about things remote, and almost ethereal.’ ‘I instinctively took sides with the white people. They were fine! They were excellent. They were intelligent. The others were not . . . they were stupid and ugly. That was the way I was introduced to the danger of not having your own stories. There is that great proverb—that until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter. That did not come to me until much later. Once I realized that, I had to be a writer. I had to be that historian. It’s not one man’s job. It’s not one person’s job. But it is something we have to do, so that the story of the hunt will also reflect the agony, the travail—the bravery, even, of the lion

3. Rhythm

Figure 10. (2013) Inevitability – Oil on Canvas, Artist: Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja, copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation

In the song ‘The Painting’ rhythm will be applied in terms of African drums, Hi-hat, bongos, tom-toms, guitar, and with the lyrics of the rapper in rhythmic style as a modern day Griot. In the article keepers of History (Lott, 2012) it says that ‘Griots and Griottes—have been around for a millennium. Over time, the griots’ function has changed as society evolved. Once, the male griots and female griottes were historians, genealogists, advisers to nobility, entertainers, messengers, praise singers—the list goes on. Today, they perform on television and radio and record CDs. Many are popular singers who reinterpret traditional songs, giving new meaning to old words—”time binding,” In (Priebe, R..2013) Griots hold the memory of West Africa. Available at: http://news.psu.edu/story/140694/2002/05/01/research/keepers-history (Accessed: 17th May 2013).

4. Mood

Figure 11. (2013) Oni Ife – Artist : Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja,copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation

Traditionally African Griots always have set the mood in ceremonies. As modern day Griots, Nas and Damien Marley in their video ‘Patience’ deliver raps with a message whilst setting the mood further still by using ancient African Civilisations as the backdrop imagery making the piece even more potent and compelling. Nas & Marley (2010) Patience. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =c9VQye6P8k0. (Accessed:17th May 2013).

Figure 12. Nas & Marley featuring Amadou & Mariam (2010) Patience. Available                                        at: http://collider.com.au/projects/Damian_Marley_and_Nas_-_Patience/(Accessed: 17^th May 2013).

Figure 13. Nas & Marley featuring Amadou & Mariam (2010) Patience. Available at: http://collider.com.au/projects/Damian_Marley_and_Nas_-_Patience/(Accessed: 17^th May 2013).

5. Sound

Figure 14. (2013) Tribal Ancestors [Oil on Canvas], Artist: Diepiri MacPepple-Jaja, copyright MacPepple-Jaja Foundation, London.

Figure 15 (2013) A CELEBRATION OF AFRO-BEAT TONY HILLIER’S WORLD OF MUSIC. Available at: http://mojowire.net.au/2013/03/01/a-celebration-of-afro-beat-tony-hilliers-world-of-music-march-1-2013/ (Accessed: 17th May 2013). When considering ‘Modern African Art’ the sounds of Afro-Beats, palm wine music of Rex Lawson and the Fuji of King Sunny-Ade are the kinds of authentic traditional African music that can be used as a dynamic force. The late African Superstars Fela, Anikulapo, Ransome, Kuti is the originator of the Afro-beat sound which readily blends Afro-jazz and funk. If Fela was alive today perhaps he would have also blended afro-beats nicely with Hip-hop. Perhaps that is one of the reasons he has become so appealing to the Hip-hop generation that are telling his story to the World on Broadway. On website (Fela.net, 2013) they say that ‘Fela contended that AfroBeat was a modern form of dance-able, African Classical music with an urgent message for the planet’s denizens.’ (Fela.net, 2013) The Phenomenon. Available at: http://www.fela.net/bio/(Accessed: 16^th May 2013). Fela Musical! (2009) Off Broadway. Available at:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB0GepZMzKU (Accessed: 16th May 2013).

Work Plan The author’s prediction of the Form of the Final presentation:

• It will be on a DVD or Internet-based with a written thesis?
• It will have a summary sheet of a survey conducted on the research question.
• It will incorporate some of his own artwork
• It will be presented if required to a small audience.

Digital Photographic studies and painting artworks are the result of the authors experimentation and prototyping with elements of Modern African Art some of those images will be exhibited at the Creative 2013 Summer Exhibition.

Main Study List and Bibliography

Books and Journals

Banksy (2006) Wall and Peace.  London: Century. Bayer, H. and Gropius, W. (1959) Bauhaus 1919-192. 3rd edn. USA: HarvardUniversity. Grieder, T. (1996) Artist and Auience. 2nd edn. Austin Texas: McGraw. HillMiroeeff, N. (2003) An Introduction to Visual Culture. 2nd edn.Suffolk, UK: St Edmundsbury Press. Lundberg, J. (2010) Guidelines for Developing an Interactive Multimedia Prototype based on comparison of Low-and-High-fidelity prototypes in usability testing. Master’s Thesis in Media Technology, StockholmUniversity. O’Brian, P. (1076) Pablo Ruiz Picasso, a Biography. London: Collins. Oyekunle, S. (1999 p12-13) BFM Hollywood: Hollywood and Africa. London: BFM Media. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite Them Right the Essential Reference Guide. 8th edn.USA: Palgrave Study Skills. Slater, J. (1991) Modern Television systems, to HDTV and Beyond, 1st edn.London: Pitman publishing. Taschen, A. and Schaewen, D. (2005) African Style. London: Taschen Taylor, R. (2012) RTS Digital World Conference 6: Will.i.am, (October 2012), pp.26-28. Warncke, C. and Walther, I. (2007) Pablo Picasso 1881-1973: Part 1 The Works 1890-1936, pp.159. London: Taschen. The Internet About.com Psychology (2013) Pavlov’s Dogs,How Ivan Pavlov Discovered Classical Conditioning. Available at:   http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm (Accessed: 9th March 2013).

Amazondcl.com (2013) Amazon Development Centre London. Available at: http://www.amazondcl.com/index.html (Accessed: 10 May 2013). Art History on Stamps (2007) Surematism Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935). Available at:  http://heindorffhus.motivsamler.dk/arthistory/frame-Style28-Suprematism.htm (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Artsmypassion.com (2013) Canvas Art and Famous Paintings. Available at:  http://www.artsmypassion.com/articles.asp?ID=270 (Accessed: 9th March 2013). BBC, Roberts, M. (2012) Creativity ‘Closely entwined with mental illness’. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19959565 (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Vicent Van Gogh Biography. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/vincent-van-gogh-9515695 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Diedo Rivera Biography.  Available at:  http://www.biography.com/people/diego-rivera-9459446 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Pablo Picasso Biography. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/pablo-picasso-9440021 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Frida Kahlo Biography. Available at:  http://www.biography.com/people/frida-kahlo-9359496 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Salvardor Dali Biography. Available at:  http://www.biography.com/people/salvador-dal%C3%AD-40389 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Biography.com (2013) Jean Michel Basquiat Biography. Available at:  http://www.biography.com/people/jean-michel-basquiat-185851 (Accessed: 27th April 2013). Classicstyle.org (2004) Bauhaus movement. The influence from Dutch De Stijl. Available at: http://www.classicstyle.org/bauhaus-movement-de-stijl.html (Accessed: 09 March 2013). Club Med (2013) African Primitivism. Available at: http://ethnoflorence.skynetblogs.be/album/african-tribal-arts-and-modern-and-contemporary-arts-library/256514426.html (Accessed: 16^th May 2013) DMJTV.COM (2012) Vibezkid, Peaceful. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9oVJ6GnLiE (Accessed: 6^th April 2013). Dream Works Animation (2012) “Hilarious! The Best ‘Madagascar’ Yet!” Available at: http://www.madagascarmovie.com/(Accessed: 16^th May 2013). Droste, M. (2002) Bauhaus Archiv. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZXB8rX5AsgUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=bauhaus&ots=_lIJP6-zp8&sig=nTWMaEw5-0rIAs-MDW2jCM2qvvI#v=onepage&q=bauhaus&f=false (Accessed: 11/01/13). Fela Musical! (2009) Off Broadway. available at:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB0GepZMzKU (Accessed: 16th May 2013) Hillary, T. (2013). A CELEBRATION OF AFRO-BEAT TONY HILLIER’S WORLD OF MUSIC. Available at: http://mojowire.net.au/2013/03/01/a-celebration-of-afro-beat-tony-hilliers-world-of-music-march-1-2013/ (Accessed: 17th May 2013). Fela.net (2013) The Phenomenon. Available at: http://www.fela.net/bio/(Accessed: 16^th May 2013). Gabbay, A. (2013) Monkey & Me Films Presents A Film By Alex Gabbay: Love Hate & Everything In Between. Available at: http://www.empathyfilm.com/ (Accessed: 1st April 2013). Groovemonter (2009) Cardinal Rex Lawson “So Ala Temen – Yellow Sisi – Love Mu Adure”. Available at: http://www.youtube/watch?v=TFilIFOlZe8 (Accessed: 15th April 2013). Hels. (2008) Le Corbusier and the Bauhaus. Available at: http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/in-1929-le-corbusier-created-his.html (Accessed: 15 April 2013). Iroking.com (2013) Nigerian Music Anytime Anywhere. Available at: http://iroking.com/ (Accessed: 03 May 2013). Iroko Partners Limited (2012) Watch the Latest Movies. Available at: http://www.irokotv.com/ (Accessed: 10 April 2013). Johnson, R. (1997) Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research.  Available at: http://www.dralessandro.com/subpages/PDFfiles/Validity%20Structure.pdf (Accessed: 10 April 2013). Lee, T. (2001) Development of Interactive Experience Scenarios for Interactive Media Design Applying Behavioural Prototyping Methods.  Available at: http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterber/conferences/CD_doNotOpen/ADC/final_paper/541.pdf (Accessed: 9th March 2013). Magpie’s Blog 1759 (2013) Top 10 Manga Artists. Available at: http://1759magpie.wordpress.com/top-10-manga-artists/ (Accessed: 16 April 2013) Marshall, C. (2012) Gestalt Laws of Pragnanz. Available at: http://prezi.com/tabenvtvsdzy/chris-marshall-gestalt-laws-of-pragnanz/ (Accessed: 9th March 2013). Media Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Available at: http://www.nada.kth.se/utbildning/grukth/exjobb/rapportlistor/ 2010/ rapporter10/lundberg_johan_10005.pdf (Accessed: 9th March 2013). Mental Health Foundation (2013) Help us connect Older People and improve their mental health. Available at:  http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/ (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Michael Jackson (2011) Moon Walker- 8/10. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLyz7GUWgU0 (Accessed: 28 April 2013). Michael Jackson (2009) Earth Song. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAi3VTSdTxU (Accessed: 28 April 2013). Mind (2013) Mind for better mental health Available at:  http://www.mind.org.uk/ (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Musichertz.blogspot.co.uk (2013) Fela Kuti Aafro-Beat Revolutionary. Available at:  http://musichertz.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/fela-kuti-afro-beat-revolutionary.html (Accessed: 16^th May 2013). Mysterious2b (2006) Rhythm is a Dancer. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMPM1q_Uyxc (Accessed: 28 April 2013). Nas & Marley, D. (2010) Patience. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9VQye6P8k0 (Accessed: 17^th May 2011). Nas & Marley, D. (2011) Patience (Distance Relatives) Lyrics Video.  Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLkKD2hFnIc (Accessed: 17^th May 3013). NHS Choice (2013) Schizophrenia Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Schizophrenia/Pages/Introduction.aspx   (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Nobelprize.org (2013) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). Available at: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html (Accessed: 9th March 2013). OffDaGroundTV (2012) Fuse ODG. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0IqNxQUGL8 (Accessed 16^th April 2013). OleMB (2011) Triangles, triangles, triangles everywhere. Available at: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread666319/pg1 (Accessed: 15 April 2013). Ortez, O. (2013) Light is the Opposite of Darkness it holds the Secrete of the Universe. Available at: http://osmanozter.org (Accessed: 29th March 2013). Parlophone (2009) Tinie Tempah-PassOut.  Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzvGKas5RsU (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Parlophone (2009) Frisky-ft. Labrinth. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzvGKas5RsU (Accessed: 28 April 2013). Parlophone (2011) Labrinth-Earthquake ft.Tinie Tempah. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzvGKas5RsU (Accessed: 28 April 2013). QYPE.CO.UK (2013) Dark N’ Cold, London Available at:   http://www.qype.co.uk/place/87630-Dark-n-Cold-London (Accessed: 8th May 2013). RedRaiderNation (2008) Slave, Lucky Dube. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BOUMjAPixw (Accessed: 10^th March 2013). RoundSquareX (2009) How to Make Sonic Sound, Quincy Jones, Recording Engineer Skills   Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-H1mCEAoiA (Accessed: 29 April 2013). RubenSef13 (2007) Snap – The Power. Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z33tH-JdPDg (Accessed: 29th April 2013). Sane (2013) Meeting the challenge of Mental illness. Available at: http://www.sane.org.uk/ (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Sheehan, W. (1996) the Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Available at:http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/ MARS/CHAP01.HTM (Accessed 29th March 2013). Siegel, E. (2012) Starts With a Bang! The Far Future of our Solar System. Available at: http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/05/08/the-far-future-of-our-solar-system/(Accessed 10 April 2013). Teslar Memorial Society New York (2013) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Available at:  http://www.teslasociety.com/einstein.htm (Accessed: 29 April 2013). Theparisreview.org (2013) Interviews, Chinua Acheba, The Art of Fiction No. 139. Interviewed by Jerome Brooks. Available at: http://www.theparisreview.org/ interviews/1720/the-art-of-fiction-no-139-chinua-achebe (Accessed: 16th April 2013). Time to Change (2008) let’s end Mental health Discrimination. Available at: http://www.time-to-change.org.uk/your-organisation/support-workplace (Accessed: 29 April 2013). http://WWW.Tingatingatales.com (2010) Watch Tinga Tinga Talse Videos! Available at: http://www.tingatingatales.com/watch.aspx (Accessed: 16th May 2013). Tingatingatales.com (2010) Tinga Tinag Tales. Available at: http://www.tingatingatales.com/ (Accessed: 16^th May 2013). Tinga Tinga Studio (2012) ThorupART- Tingatinga from Craft to Art. Available at: http://www.tingatingastudio.com/menu_events.html (Accessed: 15 May 2013). Tinga Tinga Studio (2012) Paintings From Africa? Yes!!! Available at: http://www.tingatingastudio.com/ (Accessed: 15 May 2013). Vocabulary.com (2013) Empathetic. Available at:     https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/empathetic (Accessed: 1st April 2013). Walt Disney (2012) Presents The Lion King Poster jpeg.  Available at:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lion_King_poster.jpg (Accessed: 16^th May 2013). White, J. (2002) Steps for Product Development. Available at: http://www.willitsell.com/design.asp (Accessed: 8 March 2013). Wikkipedia (2013) Braque, G. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque (Accessed 5^th May 2013). Wikipedia (2013) Mental disorder. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mental_disorder  (Accessed: 16 March 2013). Wikipedia (2013) Serendipity. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serendipity (Accessed: 16 March 2013). Wikipedia (2013) The Lion King. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_King (Accessed: 16th May 2013) Wisegeek.com (2013) What is a Prototype? Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prototype.htm (Accessed: 8 March 2013).